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维护全人类共同利益需联手抵制保护主义
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                <span class="m-con-source">来源：<a href="https://wap.peopleapp.com/article/7423402/7254184" target="_blank">人民日报</a></span><span class="m-con-time">2024-05-13 08:49</span>
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                    <!--enpproperty <articleid>37319243</articleid><date>2024-05-13 08:49:21.0</date><author></author><title>维护全人类共同利益需联手抵制保护主义</title><keyword>保护主义,产能,美国,全球,过剩</keyword><subtitle></subtitle><introtitle></introtitle><siteid>2</siteid><nodeid>9844</nodeid><nodename>要闻</nodename><nodesearchname></nodesearchname>/enpproperty--><!--enpcontent--><!--enpcontent--><p>　　近期一些美国政客不断渲染所谓的中国新能源“产能过剩”论调，指责中国向全球输出新能源产业过剩产能。其目的是维护本土产业，抹黑打压中国经济，本质是保护主义，后果是破坏全球贸易和产业分工秩序，损害全人类福祉。</p>
<p>　　美国本质上是在保护自己的低端过剩产能。市场经济是开放、竞争的经济，也是企业自主决策的经济。一方面，企业看到市场前景，为追逐利润、占据有利竞争态势，就会扩大投资，增加产能。另一方面，一定程度的产能过剩，能使市场竞争更加充分，推动优胜劣汰、产业升级。从全球看，自由开放的国际贸易和投资有利于各国产业竞争力提升。产业革命以来，任何新产品的出现、新产业的壮大莫不如此。而以产能过剩为借口，对市场进行过度保护，往往是保护了那些生产技术落后、缺乏竞争力的行业和企业，结果恰恰导致低端产能大量过剩，产品更新和产业升级难以实现。历史反复证明，保护主义的“温床”培育不出真正有竞争力的行业和企业。彭博社近日的一篇文章指出，美国曾对本土钢铁行业大行保护主义措施，也未能阻止其就业岗位减少、竞争力与市场份额下降的事实。如果美国将保护主义政策再应用到新能源等产业，不仅会削弱其应对气候变化的能力，也会严重阻碍其汽车、能源等产业走向新生。</p>
<p>　　保护主义客观上加剧了全球产能过剩并带来巨大成本损失。冷战结束后，经济全球化得到充分发展，关税和非关税壁垒大幅削减，保护主义被极大压制，结果促进了各国分工合作，推动了要素自由流动、贸易顺畅对接、产能有序转移，形成完整高效的全球产业链供应链，极大促进了全球经济增长。但近年来，受地缘政治竞争等因素影响，保护主义重新抬头，逆全球化举措大行其道。美国一方面通过加征关税、贸易管控、技术封锁等举措，割裂全球市场，加重全球经济“碎片化”；另一方面打着“维护国家安全”的幌子推动产业链供应链再造，导致一些领域、一些国家产能重复建设，形成全球产能过剩，进而带来巨大的经济社会成本损失。根据世界贸易组织（WTO）的模型预测，如果全球陷入全面地缘政治竞争的最坏情况，全球平均收入将下降5%，平均贸易额将下降13%。在全球新旧增长动能转换的关键时刻，对新能源等新兴产业采取保护主义措施，会带来更大的损害。</p>
<p>　　美国的保护主义损害了包括美国人民在内的全人类福祉。建立在专业化分工基础上的自由贸易，可以充分发挥各国的比较优势，实现各贸易方的福利最大化，诸如：增加商品种类、降低商品价格、增加就业和收入、提高消费能力等。而保护主义完全是相向而行，往往导致包括通胀高企、生产和生活成本上涨、生产效率与消费者福利损失等后果，而且受损失最大的往往是本国的消费者。美国纽约联储的研究发现，对华贸易战导致美国家庭平均每年要额外支出约831美元。美国卡托研究所的报告还表明，贸易联系的瓦解，对低收入国家和发达国家中不太富裕的消费者将产生更加不利的影响。当前，以新能源汽车、锂电池、光伏产品为代表的中国“新三样”在全球市场备受青睐，保护主义升级将阻碍公众获得高性价比的中国新能源产品，这对美国的消费者来说将是一场“保护主义灾难”。</p>
<p>　　保护主义最终会导致“双输”“多输”的结果。自由开放的国际贸易和投资能够在全球范围内优化资源配置，在劳动力成本最低的地方生产劳动密集型产品、资本最便宜的地方生产资本密集型产品、技术最先进的地方生产技术密集型产品，并通过全球产业链供应链，提高全球生产率，实现各国共同发展。而保护主义则会南辕北辙、适得其反。将产能等经贸问题泛政治化、泛安全化，违背了经济规律和发展大势，必将在中长期带来“双输”“多输”结果。国际货币基金组织（IMF）的报告指出，贸易碎片化、技术脱钩将导致全球经济产出萎缩，一些国家萎缩幅度可能高达12%。而一个竞争有序、效率更高、容量更大、创新迭出、高度联通的全球市场，将为各国的新兴产能提供不断扩大的增量空间，让所有国家都受益。如果在新能源、数字经济等新兴产业大搞脱钩断链、友岸外包、近岸外包等逆全球化举措，最终会导致全球资源浪费和效率损失，影响全球经济的可持续增长，缩小甚至扼杀增量空间。</p>
<p>　　各国要联手抵制保护主义。当今时代，各国是相互依存、彼此融合的利益共同体，世界退不回彼此封闭孤立的状态，更不可能被人为割裂。各国要坚定地站在历史正确的一边，坚持经济全球化大方向，旗帜鲜明主张自由贸易和真正的多边主义，反对单边主义、保护主义，反对将经贸问题政治化、武器化、泛安全化，坚持按市场经济准则和世贸规则妥善处理分歧，推动建设开放型世界经济，共同把“蛋糕”做大，实现“多赢”“共赢”。（钟才文）</p><!--/enpcontent--><!--/enpcontent-->
					
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